Summary : This gives emphasis on the environmental energy and non conventional energy in India and abroad and their uses in Agricultural field. It details the agricultural pumping systems (i.e. components in pumpsets with electric and diesel motors), pumping set installation, and trouble shooting and existing defects in agricultural pumping system.
It also gives the economic energy saving estimates of agricultural pumping systems and use of non conventional energy in agriculture.
Table Of Contents :
- Executive Summary
- Energy Scenario
- Status of Indian pump industry and pumping system
- Components of agricultural pumping system
- Electric motors and accessories for pumps
- Pumpset installation and trouble shooting
- Diesel engine in agricultural pumping systems
- Existing defects and their rectifications
- Economic and energy saving estimates
- Non-conventional energy sources in agricultural pumping systems
- Recommendations Appendices.
Energy conservation has been attracting the attention of mankind ever since its evolution. The energy is not available in directly usable form. There is a great need to use the generated energy gain fully. It has been a quest of mankind from time immemorial.
Commercial energy in the world today is primarily derived from fossil and mineral resources like coal, petroleum, natural gas and uranium. These fossil resources are however a limited treasure of men. These are fast depleting: caught up in the demand-supply gap scenario and therefore, cost has shown steep upswing through two major energy crises of 1973 and 1979. Now the world has already entered into the era of high energy cost. Overall energy growth pattern indicates that even during next 50 years, fossil fuels would continue to be the main stay of energy source.
India continues to be energy importer. Only 66% of its requirements are being met through indigenous production and is faced with the challenge of developing new sources of energy. The total estimated connected load in agricultural pumpsets of 30,000 MW makes it the candidate for immediate attention.
Efforts are on to develop alternate renewable sources of energy and also to affect energy conservation and all the spheres of life: domestic as well as industrial including transport sector. Agricultural pumpsets is one of the major sectors that need immediate attention for energy conservation.
The scope of the study is as given below:
- The relationship and the importance of the selected subject of technology to the broad one to which it belongs.
- The current status of the technology in the world and the country.
- Assessment of the technology and technology options available to India
- The Economic aspects of the technologies along with their feasibilities which leads to the preferred option(s).
- Impact of the preferred option by itself, its linkages to the broad area of technology and spin-offs.
- Identification of agencies/groups/individuals and suggested action plan.
The primary literature survey was done from the published literature to assess the present status of agriculture pumping system in India and abroad.
To obtain information from various working on this subject, different types of questionnaires were prepared and sent to R&D organizations, engg. colleges, public & private sector organizations, including all manufactures, users etc. sample of questionnaires are enclosed as Annexure – XI.
Besides sending questionnaires, BIP representative personally contacted key persons/experts in this field, actual users/customers etc. at various places in Gujarat, Haryana, Andhra Pradesh to get first hand information on various aspect of pumping system. Efforts made by various agencies in conservation were studied at various sites.
The data/details collected by way of literature survey, replies to questionnaires and personal interviews was thoroughly examined, synthesized and critically analyzed by our experts, keeping in view Indian conditions and constraints.
We have received limited response from the various organisations to whom questionnaires were sent and therefore, we have collected information by deputing our persons at various organizations and sample survey carried out at different sites.
After having gone through the consumption, supply and other relevant aspects of commercial energy sources as available from various references listed and reviewing the measures taken for energy conservation and oil substitution in India, we come to the conclusion that conservation is a basic necessity. Conservation has become one of the major international themes of current time as the energy problems will seriously limit the economic growth of all the countries and particularly the developing ones. It is an accepted fact that human material progress is dependent upon the extent of the use of energy. Unless adequate energy in usable forms and affordable prices is made available there are little conditions of the masses in the country. The limitation of poor to use adequate energy leads to low productivity and low incomes. The energy supply cost is many times more than conserving energy as explained in Chapter 8 para 8.6.4 and 8.7.4 by use of rectification investment of 70 crore saves cost of diesel by 1260 crore and in electric pumps investment of 200 crore saves power cost of 1010 crore. These in turn can save investment cost of such power generations. Back
This report is divided into 10 chapters, in the first chapter, we have described the world energy scenario in general and energy scenario in India. Necessity for energy conservation and conservation potential to create a background for energy scene in Indian agriculture, describes the total pumpsets presently incoming and connected load; reasons for wastage of energy etc.
Tables for energy use sectorwise and flow fuel prices in Indian energy consumption compared to the developed nations for major sectors. Graphs on commercial energy consumption in India and rising crude consumption and investment ration of energy conservation to energy production have been described.
Chapter 2 covers Indian Pump Industries in general, their technological excellence compared to the world scene in organized sector, manufacture of agricultural pumpsets in unorganized sector, their quality which has got concern and comparatively they are very cheap and preferred by farmers.
It briefly covers description of various types of pumps which are mostly relevant to the agriculture pumping system and conditions for its suitability for a better efficiency and brief historical background of various manual drawn pumping devices have been covered.
Chapter 3 describes the details of components of pumping systems, various types of pumps, selection of pumps and how the agrological aspects and hydrogeological aspects should be considered in selection of pump’s role in foot valve and other fittings and use of RPVC pipe fittings are also described. Back
Chapter 4 describes electric motors accessories for pumps, various types of electric motors and reasons affecting their quality, duties they are meant for, effect of voltage and frequency on motor performance starting switches and motor starter installation for motor starters trouble shooting of starter various protecting devices for electric motors step by step procedure for cleaning of electric motors, lubrication of electric motors and trouble shooting and safety measures in the operation of electric equipments.
Chapter 5 consists of Pumpset Installation and trouble shooting care to be taken in location of pumpset, proper foundation, Grouting of pumpset on foundation and pumpset arrangement and suction pipeline and delivery pipe and fixation of electrical auxiliaries and connections have been discussed briefly. Locating pumpsets is very important. Nornally located in the centre of farm will avoid water consumption and water seepage. Therefore, indirectly contributing to energy conservation. It should be the highest place in the farm so as to avoid flooding etc. during rainy season. Suction pipeline should avoid no. of bends and also any air leaks in suction line reduces efficiency of the pumpsets drastically. Similarly, de3livery pipeline has to have minimum bends joint low resistance valve and preferably of RPVC. Electrical auxiliaries and their fixation, maintenance trouble shooting, farmers guidelines have been included in the Chapt. The Chapt.4 also covers remedial measures in existing electrified pumps and major factor influencing the efficiency.
Diesel Engine in Agriculture Pump System are covered in
Chapter 7 deals with defects existing in the present pumping system and possible rectifications in them to improve their efficiency and reduce energy consumption by their improved conditions. The rectification measures have been classified into 4 types. The first of them being of low resistant foot valves and reflex valve which is a minimum cost method to improve the efficiency and pay back period of cost of improvement is hardly few months. Similarly the other rectification measures will require a high investment like use of RPVC pipe and improving of the pumping system and finally the use of all these methods plus replacement by mono bloc pumpsets. While cost involved in the last category would be much higher but this can be done in phased manner and wherever replacement is needed, it should be replaced with energy efficiency monobloc pumpsets. The Chapter 7 also describes the energy savings obtained in all the four categories i.e. 12%,22%, 33% and 50% respectively. The replacement of foot valve is the cheapest method, 12% with energy efficiency. Chapter 7 also describes specifications of rectification material and methods of measurement of discharge which is useful in improving the efficiency.
Chapter 8 describes economics and energy savings which can be achieved by various types of rectification measures and benefits obtained by use of efficient pumping system so as to establish necessity of conservation of energy in agricultural pumping system and are briefed in last para of this summary.
Chapter 9 describes alternative non-conventional energy resources which can be used in agricultural pumping systems. This covers use of wind energy, selection of site for windmills availability of wind mills and pumps installations and maintenance of wind mill pumping systems. Use of hydro power in agricultural pumping micro turbines for pumping, utility of hydraulic ram and lastly solar pumping systems and biogas engines for agricultural pumping have also been provided. Back
Chapter 10 covers various recommendations made for acquiring the conservation of energy in agricultural pumping system. The various recommendations are summarized below:
- In order to achieve energy conservation in this sector, it is necessary to energise all the pumpset which are presently operated on diesel, on the one hand, and expedite the rectification of the existing pumps on the other, but there are cases where diesel sets are kept stand by: due to inconsistency in our supply systems.
- NABARD, REC & New Organizations, Financial Institutions should chalk out a scheme to extend refinance facilities for issue of loans for replacement of undersized or defective pump set installed in irrigation.
- Demonstration of rectification measures on farmers pump sets and word of mouth communications with farmers will be very effective in convincing them about the need for advantage of rectifications of pumpsets. The plan for pumping systen rectification should include the following:
- Arranging atleast one demonstration of rectification measures in a village having more than 10 pumpsets.
- Educating the pump owners about the energy drain in their pumpsets: need for an advantage of rectification measures.
- Preparing necessary manpower for offering advisory and installation services to the farmers.
- Preparing necessary distribution channels for supply for rectification materials to the farmers at fair prices.
- All the activities have to be started simultaneously because they are complementary as well as supplementary to each other.
- To ensure that energy efficient equipments are only manufactured so that all the future installation are energy efficient only.
All the other informations and tables related and referred to each Chapter have been appended in
Chapter 11 as appendix.
Chapter 12 includes all annexures i.e. various informations and tables which are quite relevant to the study and has not been separately discussed in the text. These annexures also include extract of IS-10804 energy resources in India.
Power of utilisation of electrical energy, demand projection up to the end of Plan. Licensed and installed capacity of organized pump manufactures; per capita energy consumption in India and the three questionnaires which were sent to various institutions and manufactures. It also contains a list of manufactures of RPVC Pipe Fitting in the country and lastly a reference list which contains consolidated sources of information which have been used in this report and is frequently referred to.
Savings
Economics and saving discussed in chapter 8 clearly indicates the future installation cost of new electric pumpsets is about six lakh each year,and would need power generation to the tune of 2000 MW production of which will need investment of 7200 crore.
This amount cannot be found from any where and therefore has to be saved from presently available capacities by rectification/replacement of inefficient pumps. Even the six lakh pumps are all energy efficient investment of 2500 crores (35% of Rs.7200 crore) could be saved which can be used for providing funds for carrying out such activities and equivalent amount required would be hardly 10%. Similarly (ref. rectification/replacement of only 20 lakh pumps set s will bring about a saving of Rs.800 crore i.e. investment of Rs.200 crore will save Rs.1040 crore of power generation investment and yearly power consumption along with the above data if 50 lac pumps are replaced with energy efficient ores.
The benefits are immense and all investments would be paid back ‘Many Times over’ to the Nation therefore, these investments are not subsidies they are really high profit investments. Replacement by energy efficient one lakh diesel pump sets (as discussed para 8.3.2) would save diesel cost of about Rs.20 crore per annum and if all 50 lakh existing pumps are replaced with efficient diesel pump sets, total saving per year would be Rs.1000 crores per year. An effort and investment is worth carrying out in this direction.
